Spectrophotometery Essays - Spectroscopy, Spectrophotometry, Cuvette

Spectrophotometery The motivation behind this lab try is to comprehend the employments of spectrophotometry. This test focuses on the employments of the spectrophotometer, and utilizing this instrument to explicitly decide the ingestion range of a cobalt chloride arrangement, a galactose arrangement, and to decide an obscure convergence of a galactose arrangement. Current scholars much of the time utilize the estimation of light ingestion to decide centralization of synthetic compounds. The procedure is called spectrophotometry. In any case, why is light assimilated? Light might be basically dispersed by particles, yet this is very essential to the estimation of genuinely consumed light. Light is the piece of electromagnetic radiation to which the natural eye is delicate. Light is vitality, furthermore, when consumed by a concoction it brings about an adjustment in vitality levels of the concoction. The vitality of light relies upon its frequencies. Longer frequencies, for example, infrared, have less vitality than shorter frequencies, for example, bright. An atom will retain light vitality when a frequency precisely matches the vitality contrast between two vitality conditions of the particle. A spectrophotometer utilizes the transmission of light through a particular answer for decide the grouping of a solute inside an answer. It is in light of a basic structure of passing light of a known frequency through an example what's more, estimating the measure of light vitality that is transmitted. The structure of a single bar spectrophotometer includes a light source, a crystal, an example holder, what's more, a photocell. Associated with each are the fitting electrical or mechanical to control the enlightening force, the frequencies, and for change of vitality got to clear information that can be recorded, which is known as a voltage change. This voltage change is shown carefully and recorded for additional examination. The entire thought of spectrophotometery deciding the convergence of a compound depends on Beer's Law. Lager Law, or Brew Lambert Law is the connection among absorbance and convergence of an engrossing example. Applying Beer's Law can be utilized to decide a solutes ingestion look, and to plot the assimilation range on what is known as a Brew's Law plot or bend. The system to discover the retention range of cobalt chloride utilizes a Beer's Law and spectrophotometry. The spectrophotometer utilized explicitly to this investigation is the spcectronic 20. Likewise with any test, a control is expected to put together the examination with respect to. For this situation, refined water will be utilized as the control. A cuvette, which is a little plastic holder utilized in the instrument to hold the arrangement, is loaded up with refined water. The cuvette is then spot in the example holder. As of now the machine ought to be set at 400nm, and at this frequency the transmittance should peruse 100%. In the event that the instrument doesn't peruse 100%T, the instrument should be blanked, or on the other hand balanced as needs be, until 100%T is accomplished. When the control is accomplished, the ingestion level of cobalt chloride can know be resolved. Taking a clean cuvette, including around 6ml of cobalt chloride to it, it is set in the machine furthermore, the frequency is kept at 400nm. As per the information the spectrophotometer peruses, the optical thickness of cobalt chloride at a frequency of 400nm is 0.03100. When this data is recorded, the cuvette of cobalt chloride is expelled. The machine is then set to 410nm, and the control cuvette of refined water is set back in the machine. The machine is then re-blanked, being certain that it peruses 100%T. Evacuate the cuvette of refined water and spot the cuvette of cobalt chloride in the machine. At 410nm, the optical thickness of cobalt chloride is 0.043000, and this data is recorded. The above methodology is rehashed constantly, at frequency settings that are at 10nm stretches. For model, next would be 420nm, at that point 430nm, etc. It is essential to be sure to re-clear the spectrophotometer after each difference in frequency. Cobalt chloride, at a frequency of 510nm, has an optical thickness of 0.51200. As anyone might imagine found in figures 1-1 and 1-2, this is the frequency at which cobalt chloride assimilates maximally. The following strategy associated with the analysis is to build up a standard bend, utilizing Beer's Law, for galactose. Six test tubes are utilized for the initial segment of the test. Each test cylinder ought to be plainly marked 1 through 6 on the highest point of each cylinder, utilizing a wax pencil. Likewise, one enormous measuring glass ought to be loaded up with refined water and sitting on a hot plate in planning for bubbling. Six distinct centralizations of galactose will be required, comparing to the six test tubes. The

Male Dominance free essay sample

We live in a keeps an eye on world. Male commanded and controlled social orders. It may be the case that it has been a social custom, the man was given an all the more remarkable and compelling job in the network than ladies and it requires some investment for conventions to wear out. Or then again it could be the subject of sexual orientation inclination, the conviction that man is more grounded and more astute, subsequently the conspicuous decision for a pioneer. In â€Å"Girls at War† by Chinua Achebe and â€Å"The Collector of Treasures† by Bessie Head, the ruinous idea of a male centric culture is investigated through the account voice and the utilization of incongruity. In â€Å"Girls at War†, Achebe utilizes a third-individual and heterodiegetic storyteller. However, the voice is from a male point of view. The account centers around the character Reginald Nwankwo and his considerations and activities. This point of view doesnt legitimately tell about the mischief of male strength, rather it is dependent upon the peruser to decipher the content and notice the defeats. We will compose a custom article test on Male Dominance or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Reginald Nwankwo looks at female association in the war to kids professing to be warriors. â€Å"He didnt question that the young ladies and ladies paid attention to themselves, they clearly did. Be that as it may, so did the little children who walked here and there the avenues at the time penetrating with sticks and wearing their moms soup bowls for steel protective caps. † (2-3). The ladies in this story are condemned by the men for being basic and for being what men have made them into, for their own pleasure. Nwankwo obviously shows his indecision around there when he muses that, â€Å"He may very well also laid down with a whore It was clear as sunlight to him since she was kept by some military official. What an awful change † (9). He thinks about the issue without the understanding his part in it. The issues with man centric society are plainly examined in Bessie Heads, â€Å"The Collector of Treasures†. This short story is likewise from a third-individual, heterodiegetic point of view, however the account voice is female and legitimately stands up to the issue. The character, Dikeledi, voices her feeling about the sort of male that spins out of control in their general public. One that, â€Å"created such wretchedness and disorder that he could be extensively accursed as evil† (162). Dikeledis spouse Garesego Mokopi is an ideal model a maltreatment of intensity and control. He doesnt care for his significant other however cant handle the idea, â€Å"that another man had a stake in his hen-pen† (169), when he discovers that Dikeledis neighbor, Paul, has been exchanging family unit products for her administrations, just accepting that Paul would just do as such, â€Å"for ladies they fuck† (169). These accounts are the two instances of how a male ruled relationship or society dismisses the requirements of the ladies. Incongruity is utilized plentifully in both, â€Å"The Collector of Treasures† by Bessie Head and â€Å"Girls at War† by Chinua Achebe, to uncover the issues that emerge in a male ruled society. In â€Å"Girls at War†, ironicly Nwankwo is the one to get by toward the end while Gladys is murdered. Being a pioneer Nwankwo just attempted to secure himself, while Gladys nobly attempted to spare the youngster officer. There is a plenitude of incongruity in the way that Nwankwo transparently scrutinizes young ladies and their looking for, â€Å"shoes, wigs, pants, bras, beauty care products and what have you †(7), yet it is actually what he anticipates that ladies should do. He needs Gladys to become, â€Å"the young lady in khaki pants that looked through him at the checkpoint..â † (7), yet when he sees her made up in a, â€Å"high-tinted wig and an over the top expensive skirt and a low profile shirt. † (4), he considers her a, â€Å"beauty queen† (4). The situational incongruity in, â€Å"The Collector of Treasures†, is obviously appeared through how Dikeledi, â€Å"found gold in the midst of the ash† (161) and opportunity in jail however when she was lawfully free she felt limited by her better half, Garesego. In jail, she is not, at this point a captive to men, rather, â€Å"male detainees gave every lady a plate of porridge and a cup of dark teaâ † (159), getting served by men. All in all, the threats of male strength are obviously represented in Bessie Heads, â€Å"The Collector of Treasures† and Chinua Achebes, â€Å"Girls at War†, using the account voice and incongruity. The two writings show the disappointment of the two people in a man centric culture and the breakdown of relationship it carries with it. The battle for equity, love and reason for existing is plainly appeared through the ladies in the narratives, while the men are appeared as egotistical and shallow in their predominance.

How to Apply for Fewer Jobs ( Land More Interviews)

How to Apply for Fewer Jobs ( Land More Interviews) Most of us have a friend or know someone who plays the lottery. This person is always full of hope, praying that they will one day chance upon the lucky numbers that will change their lives forever.While most of us know someone who plays the lottery, most of us do not personally know someone who has actually won the lottery. What do you think it takes to win the lottery? Do you think your friend might get lucky if he or she buys more tickets?One of the things I have noticed while talking to job seekers is that many job seekers treat job hunting like playing the lottery. Like the friend we talked about above, they think that they will increase their chances of landing a job by sending out more applications.What they do not realize is that there is a huge difference between job hunting and playing the lottery. Playing the lottery is a game of chance.The more tickets our friend buys, the higher his chances of winning, though the increase is only marginal. Other than buying more tickets, there is nothing else our friend can do to increase his chances of winning. It’s all blind luck.Job hunting, on the other hand, is more about strategy than chance. How many times have you heard someone say, “I have sent 150 job applications and I am yet to get a single reply!”? What these people forget is that, just like the lottery, sending out more applications only results in a marginal increase in your chances of getting a job.There is a story about a director of a national nonprofit who felt that his work had become redundant and therefore decided to search for a new challenge. Like any other person searching for new opportunities, the director started sending out applications, mostly to well-known tech companies like Google, Facebook and Slack. After a while, it became clear to him that he was getting no responses because his applications were being screened by robots (applicant tracking systems).Not one to give up quickly, he decided to build his own robot to aggregate hiring managers’ contact information and automatically send out customized emails accompanied by a cover letter and resume to these hiring managers.The first time he run his robot, it applied to about 1300 jobs in a matter of few minutes. After refining the robot even further, it applied to another 538 jobs over the course of three months. With such a huge number of applications, it comes as a surprise to hear that he did not get a single interview invitation.This experiment by the director is a clear indication that job hunting is not a numbers game. Data from Indeed also shows that applicants who send out the highest number of applications are 39% less likely to get hired.So, what exactly is the secret behind a successful job search?The key to increasing your chances of success in job hunting is not in sending out more applications, but rather sending out better applications.Hiring managers are usually bombarded with hundreds of applications, therefore if you don’t take time to send high quality, personalized applications, all your efforts will end up in the trash bin.By applying to fewer jobs, you can then focus on ensuring that your applications are highly targeted and of the highest quality.Below is a strategy that you can use to send fewer but better job applications and land more interviews.DEFINE YOUR DESIRED ROLEThe first step in your job search should be to define who you really are. When searching for a job, many people have a hard time deciding what exactly they want to do. They think the best approach is to take whatever job comes their way.However, this is a very ineffective approach. If you want to market yourself well to potential employers, you need to know who you are and what skills you are marketing. Think about your education and qualifications, your background and your passions. Use these factors to come up with your preferred job title.For instance, if you just graduated from college with a degree in information technology, there ar e several paths available to you. You can work as an IT consultant, a health IT specialist, a computer forensic investigator, a cloud architect, a software developer, an IT support analyst, a network administrator, a cyber-security specialist, and so on.This does not mean that you should apply for all these jobs. Pick one that you want to focus on. For example, if you decide to focus on being a computer forensic investigator, build that as your personal brand.Start building skills that are specific to computer forensic investigators and highlight these skills in your CV. Any person you interact with professionally should know that you are a computer forensic investigator, not an IT guy.CREATE A LIST OF TARGET COMPANIESOnce you have defined your desired role, the next step is to come up with a list of 10 â€" 15 target companies that you would like to work for. This is a strange concept for many job seekers.Most job seekers think that they will attract more employer interest by castin g a wider net. This seldom works. Instead of sending out applications to a diverse range of employers, you should focus your efforts on a narrow segment of employers who are actually interested in the skills you have to offer.Job hunting is a lot like marketing. You have skills that you want to sell to employers. Job hunting is the process by which you market these skills to potential employers. Now, in traditional marketing, there are marketers who create a product and then try to market it to ‘whoever might be interested in the product’.However, smart marketers don’t do this. Smart marketers do their research, find out what customers are interested in, tweak their product to match customer preferences and then market the product to a highly targeted segment of consumers who have a high chance of buying the product. By doing this, their marketing is more effective and they end up with a higher return for each dollar they spend in marketing.Similarly, marketing yourself to a h ighly targeted segment of employers will make your job search efforts more effective. Targeting your job search will also lead to jobs that are more rewarding and best suited to your strengths.To start building your list of target companies, start by creating a broad list of some great companies within your industry. Below are some ideas on how to identify companies that will go into this list:Brainstorm a list of companies that are leaders in your industry.Look at companies that did business with your current or former employers and find those that might need someone with your expertise.Check out “best of” lists in business journals and websites.Do a geographical search for companies within your geographical location that might need someone with your skill set.Brainstorm a list of companies that are in line with your hobbies and passions.Get ideas from co-workers who share your interests.Once you have created this broad list, it’s time to go through the list and identify 10 â €" 15 companies within the list that you would actually be interested in working for. Below are some considerations you should keep in mind when creating a list of target companies you would like to work for:Type of employer: what type of organization do you prefer? Do you want to work in large companies or smaller organizations? Do you want to work in the private or public sector? What industries are you interested in working in? For instance, with an IT degree, one person might choose to work in the health industry, another in business and another in the tech industry.Skills and experience: Which employers would provide the best value to your unique set of skills, experiences and strengths?Company culture: Does the culture of the company align with your preferences? Do you want to work in a company with a free spirited, fun culture, or are you more comfortable with the conventional corporate culture? Keep in mind that company culture will have a big effect on your job satisfaction .Advancement opportunities: Will the company provide you with career advancement opportunities? You don’t want to work for a company where your career will stagnate.Geographic preferences: Are you willing to relocate, or are you looking for a job within your home area? What length of commute are you comfortable with? It makes no sense applying for a job that requires you to relocate if you are not willing to relocate.RESEARCH YOUR TARGET COMPANIESOnce you have identified 10 â€" 15 companies to target, the next thing you need to do is to research these companies. Go through company websites and find out all you can about these companies. The information you uncover here will come in handy once you start crafting your application. Many company websites also have a vacancies section that will show you whether there are any positions that are currently open.Go through the companies’ LinkedIn profiles as well. LinkedIn is a great resource that will help you discover information such as open positions and company executives (this is a good way of identifying the hiring manager). LinkedIn can help you create a connection with contacts who can then help you get your foot in the door once you send your application.Other resources you can use to research your target companies include company social media profiles, review sites like Glassdoor.com and YELP, company databases like Hoovers, AtoZ databases and Reference USA, Google search, and professional association and industry websites.Why should you go through all this trouble? Is it worth it?Researching your target companies is totally worth it. The information gained in this stage will help you:Identify open positions and discover unadvertised job positions.Identify how your skills, qualifications and experiences can help the target companies overcome their current challenges.Determine how to align your personal brand with the company’s needs.Craft a cover letter and resume that will resonate with the company.Ma ke important connections with key decision makers who can help you get your foot through the door.Come across as an informed, knowledgeable candidate once you are invited for an interview.EVALUATE JOB LISTINGSI mentioned that one of the benefits of the research phase is that it will help you identify open positions posted either on the company website, LinkedIn, or their social media pages. Now is the time to send applications to all relevant openings, right? Not so fast!Before you start sending applications, you need to evaluate the openings that are relevant to you and find out if you should really send that application. Go through the job descriptions once again. Here, you should confirm that two things about the job are right â€" your level of competence and your level of excitement.In other words, you should confirm that you are qualified for the job and that you actually want to do the job. If you are not qualified, then it beats logic sending the application, because it’s o bvious that you won’t get hired. And if you are not actually excited about the job, then it means you won’t be satisfied with the job even if you get it. Be honest with yourself here.NOTE: You can still send an application even if no open position has been advertised by the company, but you still need to ensure that you are qualified and excited about whatever position you are applying for.If you are qualified and excited about the job, it’s now time to move to the last step.CUSTOMIZING YOUR RESUME AND COVER LETTER FOR THE APPLICATIONAt the start of this article, I mentioned that the secret to increasing your chances of getting invited to interviews is to send better applications. The key to sending better applications is to make sure that your applications are customized and targeted to the specific job you are applying for.The problem with sending numerous applications is that you cannot possibly customize each application to the job you are applying for. Obviously, a generi c application will not meet any individual employer’s requirements, so you will be playing a losing game.The information you gained during the research phase will be very useful in this phase. It will help you ensure that your resume and cover letter are totally aligned with the needs of the employer, which will in turn increase your chances of getting hired.It will also show the hiring manager that you took some time and effort to research about the company and customize your application. This shows that you are a professional who is willing to put in the effort to get the job done. Question is, how do you ensure that your application is customized and highly targeted?Customizing Your ResumeBelow are some tips on how to tweak your resume to match a particular job application:Title: The first thing that shows whether a resume is customized or generic is the resume title. You should ensure that the title on your resume matches the title used in the job listing. The title should app ear immediately below or next to your name. This will make it clear at a glance what role you are applying for. For instance, if the employer advertised for the role of a “Senior Network Administrator”, these are the exact words you should use in your resume title. This shows that you have taken the time to customize your resume for the position and that you are clear about job goals. If you are applying for a job that has not been advertised, you resume title should show the role you are interested in.Objective: Many job seekers make the mistake of using a generic objective in their resumes. If you look at most resumes, you will notice people using objectives like “To build a long term career in the web development industry and work with a company with opportunities for career growth.” This is a very generic objective that will do little to help your job search. A good objective statement should be specifically targeted to the open position. For instance, instead of the abo ve objective, you can write, “Seeking to use my web development skills to help ABC Web Design Company become the leading provider of web development services.Qualifications: Since you have already researched the employer’s requirements, you should ensure that your qualifications are well matched with these requirements. If some of your qualifications are not specific to the position you are applying for, remove them from your resume.Job experiences: Don’t just state your previous jobs. In the descriptions section, highlight aspects of these jobs that make you specifically qualified for the job you are applying for.Skills: The skills listed on your resume should also be matched with the exact skills listed in the job listing. Not only will this position you a good fit for the job, it will also help you pass safely through Applicant Tracking Systems. For instance, let’s assume an employer has listed the following skill requirement:Skills: Advanced knowledge of Adobe applicatio ns (Photoshop, Illustrator, After Effects)In such a situation, you might be tempted to write that you have a solid knowledge of Adobe Creative Suite, which covers all the above software applications. However, omitting these keywords â€" Photoshop, Illustrator, and After Effects â€" can prevent your resume from going through the ATS, which means that it will not be seen by the hiring manager, even if you are highly qualified.Customize Your Cover LetterBelow are some tips on how to tweak your cover letter to match a particular job application:Address it to the hiring manager: The more personal the cover letter, the better your chances of making an impression on the hiring manager. As part of your research phase, you should try to find out as much as you can about whoever is responsible for hiring. You can even make a phone call to the company to find out the name of the hiring manager. You should then make sure that your cover letter is addressed to this person.Use name dropping to yo ur advantage: If you are acquainted with someone within the company, don’t be afraid to mention it in your cover letter. Before doing this, it’s wise to talk to this person and ask them to recommend you for the job. Name dropping can especially be useful if the company has an Employee Referral Program.Mention how you learned about the opening: This should come in the first paragraph of your cover letter. If you found the job listing on the company website, on LinkedIn, or through a job board, make sure to mention it. To make your cover letter even better, you can mention something about the company (such as the company mission statement) in the first paragraph of your cover letter.Don’t forget to mention your qualifications: In as much as the cover letter should not repeat what is in your resume, it should mention your qualifications and show why they are the right fit for what the company is seeking.Say why you want the job and why: Finally, don’t forget to mention what ins pired you to apply for the job. This provides you with an opportunity to show your passion for the job and speak more about that particular company. Explain why you want to work for this particular company. Use the information you gathered in the research phase to tie the company mission to your personal goals.WRAPPING UPThat’s it!By following the strategies, you will be able to turn your job search on its head. Instead of applying to every remotely relevant job you come across and getting zero responses for all your efforts, you can improve your chances of success by narrowing your focus and sending out fewer but highly targeted applications.Simply decide what role you want, identify target companies you would love to work for, research about these companies, evaluate the job listings, and then customize and send your applications to jobs that you are qualified for and excited about.Do this and you will start seeing more success in your job search.

Essay on Taming of the Shrew Deciphering Kate’s...

The Taming of the Shrew: Deciphering Kate’s Shrewish Character The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeares most popular plays. It is both a witty and complex play with characters that are appealing and believable drawn from life and based on a keen understanding of human nature. One can see this in the main character of the play, the shrew Katherine. The reasons for Kates shrewd behavior as well as her tameness have puzzled Critics and Shakespearean scholars for ages. This essay will attempt to decipher Kates shrewish character from the beginning with her father and sister, through the middle with her first meeting of Petruchio, to the finale where she is finally tamed. There is a strong†¦show more content†¦Kate is further humiliated when Baptista announces that he desires to hire schoolmasters to instruct her [Biancas] youth. He makes no mention of Katherines studies, resulting in her humiliation through public neglect. Any child in her shoes would have rebelled profusely. She is further deliberately left out when her father directs her to remain behind because he wishes to commune with Bianca. Kate then bridles at this and makes her exit, hurt by this display of neglect. Similarly, Biancas personality adds to Kates rebellion. On the surface, Bianca seems to be a sweet, mild young woman; a young modest girl, Lucentio calls her. However, in reality, she is a calculating and sneaky sister. Her deceit and deliberate call for attention increases Kates shrewdness. For example, Bianca plays the role of a long suffering saint, implying that the situation where Kate must marry before she can is difficult for her, but not so for her sister. The girl Lucentio describes as modest does not hesitate to parade her obedience for her fathers benefit. She says she will make her books and instruments her company without complaint. She thus gains the sympathy of Lucentio, her two suitors, and her father. In turn, Baptista, to satisfy Bianca, attempts to hire her schoolmasters. Kate, knowing her sisters deception, retaliates in anger and

Simple Élire (to Elect) French Verb Conjugations

In French, the verb  Ãƒ ©lire  means to elect. Whenever you want to use it in the past tense elected or the future tense will elect, you will need to conjugate the verb. French students know that this can be a challenge and  Ãƒ ©lire  is one of those tricky irregular verbs. Conjugating the French Verb  Ãƒâ€°lire French verb conjugations are more complex than they are in English. Thats because the verb endings change not only with the tense of the sentence  but also with the subject pronoun. Élire  is an  irregular verb  and its similar to other words like  lire (to read), rà ©Ãƒ ©lire  (to re-elect), and relire (to re-read, replay). While this is not the most common conjugation pattern, these few words do make learning the entire group a little easier. To conjugate  Ãƒ ©lire, pair the subject pronoun with the tense. For instance, I elect is jà ©lis while we will elect is nous à ©lirons. Practice each of these in context to learn how to use them in your French conversations. Subject Present Future Imperfect j lis lirai lisais tu lis liras lisais il lit lira lisait nous lisons lirons lisions vous lisez lirez lisiez ils lisent liront lisaient The Present Participle of  Ãƒâ€°lire The  present participle  is another verb form that you should know. To form it, add -ant  to the verb stem to produce  Ãƒ ©lisant. Beyond using it as a verb, you will also find it helpful as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © For the past tense of  Ãƒ ©lire, you can choose either the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©. To construct the latter, begin with the subject pronoun and conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match it. Then, attach the  past participle  Ãƒ ©lu. The passà © composà © comes together quickly: I have elected is jai à ©lu and we elected is nous avons à ©lu. More Simple Élire  Conjugations Among other simple conjugations of  Ãƒ ©lire  that French students should know are the following. You may not use them often, but they can be quite handy to know. In rare instances, and primarily when reading or writing, you may see  the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. More frequently, the subjunctive and conditional verb moods are used. Each implies no guarantee to the verbs action in some form or fashion. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j lise lirais lus lusse tu lises lirais lus lusses il lise lirait lut lt nous lisions lirions lmes lussions vous lisiez liriez ltes lussiez ils lisent liraient lurent lussent To use  Ãƒ ©lire  in exclamations, demands, and short requests, use the imperative form. When doing so, skip the subject pronoun and use à ©lis rather than tu à ©lis. Imperative (tu) lis (nous) lisons (vous) lisez

Analysis using Porter’s five forces model in Marketing Free Essays

On analyzing the case we will seek to look at two relevant barriers to entry; namely, product differentiation and economies of scale. The economy of scale refers to the decline per unit in product cost as the volume of production increases. Levi’s could have exploited opportunities to outsource their production facilities where labour is cheaper, in order to mass produce and have a cost advantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis using Porter’s five forces model in Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Volumes of jeans have been produced in this market because other labels such as Arizona Jeans have exploited the opportunity. If they exploit the opportunity it means that they could produce for less and sell at a higher cost to their profitability. The Levi’s brand has product differentiation because there is a history of brand loyalty; the product carries enough clout to justify a reasonable price premium. They had embarked on a project to create a niche market to attract higher income customers who were willing to pay a premium for a perfect fit. In this case the threat would be brand loyalty because there are a lot of producers of jeans. Threat of Rivalry Threat of rivalry includes all distributors and stores that sell jeans. Example of stores is the likes of JC Penny stores who were once a business alliance, they have sought out cheaper alternatives such as the Arizona brand of jeans and have become their competitor; there is also Gap, Lee and Wrangler. Each of these brands has their own market or customer base. With all of these competitors in the market there is likely competitive pricing for the product. Threat of Substitutes There are other forms of clothing that can substitute for jeans example cotton, linen and other forms of material that makes clothing. In this case though Levi’s has created a â€Å"personal pair for a perfect fit† this proposal has created the niche market for Levi’s through a jeans customization program with their strategic alliance partner Technology Corporation. With this partner they will be able to achieve a competitive advantage. Threat of Suppliers Threat of suppliers all depends on the amount of raw materials. Since Levi’s now has a strategic partner, Technology Corporation they are the ones who take the orders and manufactures the customized jeans at their location. The threat is that they have to rely on another organization to complete the process at a separate location. The benefit though is that this company is a joint venture where each partner has a vested interest in the success of the business thus minimizing risks. However; on the other hand the partner may decide to cheat if they see a more valuable venture for themselves in starting their own line of business. There is also the threat of an increase salary and benefit for employees as well as retention of trained personnel in the area of sales and manufacturing. Threat of Buyers Threat of buyers relies on the marketing of the brand. If Levi’s has a good marketing strategy then customers and suppliers are more likely to purchase their goods. The company has begun to engage in a joint venture with another company therefore once they start receiving orders they will be able to meet the demand to supply stores and retail customers alike. According to the case, the brand Levi is one of the most recognizable brands worldwide since the 1950’s. The jeans had established a political and ashion statement as an American icon. Levi’s has become synonymous with the term â€Å"authentic,† â€Å"genuine,† and â€Å"original. † They are the largest brand-apparel company in the world and the number one purveyor of blue jeans. Levi’s has an image of quality and durability. The image of the company is valuable and rare. Perhaps no other firm has been able to duplicate the Levi brand and the firm uses this image to their competitive advantage as not many firms are able to imitate that image. Despite competetition from low cost rivals who are able to produce more cheaply at overseas facilities, Levi has organized its cost structure and business by using technology and joint venture to their advantage. They have established value creating activities by way of market revitalization and have established a corporate reputation, established links with their suppliers and buyers and invested in high technological equipment and information support systems. How to cite Analysis using Porter’s five forces model in Marketing, Papers

Capital Structure of Aveo Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Capital Structure of Aveo. Answer: Introduction The most important decision that is made within a company in the quest to maximize its value is usually the decision on which products to manufacture and / or which services to offer, however, the decision on how to finance the investments in those assets that allow offering such products and / or services (eg in machines and equipment), is often seen as a minor or secondary decision (Miglo, n.d.). This paper intends to emphasize the importance that financing decisions can have on the value of a company, without forgetting that the expected results will depend considerably on the assumptions that are made about the capital markets and the agents that operate in these markets. The capital structure of a business is the combination of debt and capital that an organization uses to Capital structure of Aveo in the past 5 years It is time to review how the capital structure of a firm behaves in the presence of taxes. To that end, we will continue to use the theoretical framework that Modigliani and Miller developed in his article: The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment published in 1958 (Bena and Hanousek, 2006). With a very strong balance sheet, the investors look at various things in the balance sheet to invest in the company. There are two measurements for evaluating a companys strength. The first one is the capital structure and the second is the working capital of the company. Aveo has had a very good performance in terms of asset performance of the company and therefore has had good runnings with the investors. For purposes of the report, we shall analyze the company structure of Aveo Ltd for the last five consecutive years (Agarwal, 2013). For capitalization, the company has a record of long-term and short term structures of capital which are permanent in the long term and are a combination of debt and of equity. Aveo has most likely concentrated on keeping a healthy record of equity as opposed to capital debt of the company. This is a clear indication that the company is financially healthy as the yardstick for debt to equity ratio of any company according to IFRS and IAS is 1:1. Aveo ltd equity comprises of preferred stocks and retained earnings which are the inputs of shareholders equity on the balance sheet account. Aveo equates its debt with its liabilities; however, there is a major difference between operational liabilities and the debt liabilities. The difference is that debt liability forms the capitalization component of a company capital structure. Short term and long term debt form the debt component of a company (Martin and Baker, 2013). Short term debts mostly comprise notes payable. The golden rule is that long term debt should take up two third of the total debt figure according to the prudent principle in accounting. Short term will take the remainder. 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total debt/Shareholder equity 2574/701.8=3.7:1 2183/669.6=3.16:1 1840/853.2=2.16:1 1887.2/918.4=2.0:1 2428.5/1072=2.2 The analysis in the figures above indicate that the debt to equity ratio in the five years have been very high. While the recommended yardstick of debt to equity ratio is 1:1, Aveo ltd remains to have a high ratio in terms of debt to equity ratio. In the year 2012, the debt to equity ratio was 3.7:1 which was 3 times higher than the recommended threshold. This is not optimal at all. In 2013, the ratio dropped albeit marginally to 3.2: 1 as well as in the year 2014. This was an improvement in terms of financial management despite being high for theaccounting standards. In the financial year ended 2015, it dropped to 2.0:1, although not optimal, it seems the company had put in place measures to tame the high debt to equity ratio. This shows that the liquidity of a company is improving (Brown, Liang and Weisbenner, 2006). This is also the case in 2016 where the debt to equity ratio was 2.2: 1. This shows that in all the 5 financial years the debt to equity ratio exceed the yardstick and this is not good for the investors in Aveo ltd. Optimum capital structure The assumption in prudence use of leverage or debt is that the management can earn more on borrowed money to the amount of interest and fees expense paid on these funds.If a company in a highly competitive environment, is hobbled by high debt , the company may find its competitors taking advantage of the problems facing the company to grab more market share. But if there are taxes, is the irrelevance of the capital structure maintained? To answer this question, let us imagine that the cash flow (FC) of a company is similar to a pie. That cash flow, brought to present value with the appropriate discount rate, will give us the value of the firm. In a taxed world, a company without debt would have a CF like this: (Brown, Liang and Weisbenner, 2006) Dividend history and policy The financial value of the company, that is, the value of the shares, can be expressed as the current equivalent of the expected dividend stream, valued at the required return (ke): The model is based on the reasonable assumption that the dividend is the principal source of shareholder remuneration but, please note, it does not pre-empt that it should be immediately recognized: all dividends expected over the investment horizon are included, as well as the price which is expected to be able to sell the T share; retained earnings will revert to future dividends and also to terminal value because reinvestment will cause the company to grow at a rate g = ROE (1 - pay out). 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Dividend paid (in millions) 21.1 17.7 - - - Arguments in favor of investing in companies that do not distribute dividends (Chen, 2005) In Aveo Ltd, the company cannot afford to be capitalized by distributing their dividends to the shareholders because of their investment need. Reinvestment is done in bid not to fall behind their competitors and to give the shareholders maximum value in terms of shareholders value for the future. In many cases, the company like Aveo will sell its shares in order to have a tax advantage where dividends are subject to the IRPF. Arguments in favor of the distribution of dividends This is the other side of the coin, where shareholders can sketch a smile every three months. The perspective from this position is totally different from the previous one, where it is preferred that the money earned with the contributions made by the shareholders be returned to them, since in a certain way these benefits belong to them. In this way the shareholder has the freedom to choose what to do with the liquidity obtained. Pay-out Another fact that we usually take into account when we intend to invest in a company that distributes dividend is the Pay-out. This is the part of profits that the company destines to dividends, so it will always be advisable to take it into account since, depending on the situation in which the company is, more or less dividends will be distributed. Where are the profits of companies that do not distribute dividends invested? The profits that the company obtains and are not destined to the distribution of dividends do not have a specific destiny, each company makes the most appropriate decision as to where it has to invest this money, although usually this destination is usually the same for all the companies7. For example: to ensure greater liquidity, to have a working fund to help us in a difficult situation, etc. But we must also take into account that there are shareholders who have deposited their trust and money in the company so that it can carry out its activities, so the reward to these shareholders has to come from a part of the profits (Graham, n.d.) Dividend history for the past 5 years The quality of dividends distributed is directly proportional to the quality of financial reports produced. The dividend structure is commensurate to the profits received for the company. Aveo ltd has not paid out dividends for the last three years. In fact the last dividend paid was in the year 2013, the debt to equity ratio has also reduced in those years. Aveo ltd has not paid out dividends for the last three years, and its debt equity ratio has reduced in those three years (Vandekerckhove, 2012). This report discusses the impact of dividend payments on company value, whose maximization, remember, is the financial objective. Modigliani and Miller demonstrated that, under certain conditions, shareholders should be indifferent between the payment of dividends and the capitalization of results; however, some companies have turned this pay into an essential element of their relationship with investors. Others, on the other hand, maintain a systematic policy of reinvestment, without their actions being penalized by investors. Know the complete process that must be followed to make successful decisions in Financial Investments. Dividend distribution Problems in individual decision-making are mainly due to two causes of fear of decision making and thoughtless decision-making (Vandekerckhove, 2012). Attractiveness of Aveo Australia ltd to an investor Aveo is a very attractive company to invest in. it has had its fair share of troubles especially in dividend payout but remains a very attractive company for investors nonetheless. The dividend policy, and its broader expression as a self-financing policy, is closely related to both the financial structure and the investment decisions. Retained earnings are a source of financing that, depending on the preferences of the company and its owners, can make growth possible by supplementing or supplementing debt or other sources of self-financing, such as capital increases. Self-financing is, in fact, the preferred source for many R D-intensive companies, and / or latent opportunities (Graham, n.d.). Regarding how dividends are canceled Brealey and Myers point out: The dividend is fixed by the company's board of directors. The announcement states that payment will be made to all shareholders who are registered on a certain closing date. Later, about two weeks later, dividend checks are sent to shareholders. Dividends can only be declared by the board of directors, which then has the authority to order the payment of a dividend. If the directors or board of directors decide to declare a dividend, they must take appropriate measures to pay the members at a certain date (Vandekerckhove, 2012). Aveo ltd profitability levels are high showing that investors can be attracted by the levels of profit that the company is having. Although attractiveness of a company can be measured using different yardsticks, profitability, liquidity and the companys general stability remains the key areas of focus for the investors outlook (Graham, n.d.). According to this approach, the shareholder's profitability in any period t is the sum of the dividend yield and the profitability accrued by the change in the value of the shares: so that the model does not establish any express priority between dividends and retention. This result has some logic, because the value of the company's asset is the current equivalent of free cash flow, discounted to the weighted average cost of capital, and neither of these two variables depends on the distribution policy (maintaining the presumption that the decision involves a trade-off between paid dividends and new capital) Nor does it pre-judge that both profits (dividends and capital gains) are strictly equivalent: in fact they are not, because the latter are subject to risk, hence a financial valuation and a discount rate with risk. Accordingly, in a first approximation the effect of the dividend policy on the value of the enterprise will depend on the future impact of the retained earnings: to the extent that the incremental result provided by the domestic reinvestment offsets the risk and the time (preference for liquidity), shareholders will be willing to waive their current dividends in exchange for future (incremental) dividends. Conclusion Aveo is a good company to invest in. It is clear, that the cash flow of the business, will be shared by the shareholders and the State. Then, the present value of what is left to the shareholder, would be the value of the company, or otherwise seen, Vu = E, where Vu is the value of a deleveraged company and E is the equity (Vandekerckhove, 2012). References Agarwal, Y. (2013). Capital Structure Decisions. Hoboken: Wiley. Bena, J. and Hanousek, J. (2006). Rent extraction by large shareholders: evidence using dividend policy in the Czech Republic. Prague: CERGE-EI. Brown, J., Liang, J. and Weisbenner, S. (2006). Executive financial incentives and payout policy. Washington, D.C.: Divisions of Research Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board. Brown, J., Liang, J. and Weisbenner, S. (2006). Executive financial incentives and payout policy. Washington, D.C.: Divisions of Research Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board. Chen, A. (2005). Research in finance. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI, . Graham, B. (n.d.). The intelligent investor. New York: Collins. Martin, G. and Baker, H. (2013). Capital structure and corporate financing decisions. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Miglo, A. (n.d.). Capital structure in the modern world. Vandekerckhove, W. (2012). Responsible investment in times of turmoil. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Springer.

Austria 17th 18th centuries essays

Austria 17th 18th centuries essays In my paper I will examine the absolute monarchy of Austria during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. I shall focus on the on the power of Austria, its foundation, preservation, and expansion. Lastly I will take into consideration the relationship between the classes, the growth of the power of state institutions, and some of the consequential figures in the evolution of absolute monarchy in Austria. The foundation of absolutism was the theory of the divine right of kings. This theory maintained that the monarch was God's representative on earth. In reality absolutism was a closer working relationship with the nobles in order to maintain control. Ensuring the power of the nobles meant solidifying his authority. The bureaucracy began to reorganize, making it more effective on the local level. Local and national government began to meet on a regular basis. This was done by dividing the monarchy into ten units, then dividing it further into ten subdistricts. Kreishauptmann were the administrative heads of each district, appointed by the King to work at the local level. All this helped to extend the monarch's power to the far reaches of the domain. To the people this basically meant that not only was the king a supreme ruler but he could emphasize his will with armies of unmatched size giving the idea of absolutism an illustration and an authenticity never seen before. With this need for a standing army came the need for new funds. These new funds gave way to a new system of tax collection. Throughout history the war and taxes have gone hand in hand. The goal of every monarch was to have independent power and only economic independence could make that possible. Maria Teresa (r. 1740-1780) won approval of the realm to administer property tax on all subjects. These new funds were used to refo ...

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Durkheims notion of movement from mechanical to organic

Durkheims notion of movement from mechanical to organic Durkheims notion of the movement from mechanical to organic solidarity more accurately describes the nature of different forms of social order than does Webers description of different types of authority (Discuss). Introduction: Emile Durkheim has none other than been recognised by many great philosophers to be truly one of the fore fathers of Sociology. As well as being one of the first great theorists to discover the science of society within the field SociologyLaw. In some of Durkheims work his greatest concerns evolves around the concept of social solidarity. His work involved trying to answer the theory of what social solidarity actually is and how it holds society together? Durkheims discovery consisted of two main key stages of focus in order to be able to characterise society. The stages consisted of recognising the importance of appreciating a terminology he called social facts. Durkheim defined social facts as things external to, and coercive of, the actor. These are created from collective forces and do not derive from the individual. While they may not seem to be observable, social facts are things, and are to be studied empirically, not philosophically (Ritzer, 1992: p.78). This consisted in the ways of thinking and acting, as well as being external too, but constraining on the individual that reflects social reality. This Second stage consisted on how he managed to utilise law as an external index, which ultimately lead him to believe that it was the dominant social fact; in order to explain the character as well as the properties of modern society. Within his newly discovered methodology, Durkheim was able to explain how modern western societies had surfaced by solely discovering the development of social solidarity from a mechanical to an organic state. With his theory consisting of law as the external index, he provided the understanding that social development is reflected in the legal development from repressive to restitutive law. Durkheim regards both criminal and civil law as the core of each field, thought his concept of discovering society. Further down the line of his theories he discovers the real place and function for the two types of law. Where as Max Webers study of bureaucracy looks for developing a historical and sociological account of the rise of modern organizations. (Linstead, Fulop Lilley, 2004: p130). He used an ideal type to analysis the appearance of the bureaucracy form of organization. The ideal type, according to Weber, is a tool used to identify the characteristics of social phenomena such as bureaucracies. Weber used the term ideal type in order to make a distinction from other forms of organization (Linstead, Fulop Lilley, 2004: p130). Weber defined the Prussian Church, Army and Civil Services as all being examples of this bureaucratic form. He also saw a powerful instrument of the first order, and considered bureaucracy as embodying a powerful combination of knowledgeable calculable basis, and the power case would dare the bases of democracy (Nicos, 1975: p38). It is definitely a great idea to explore Webers theories; in conjunction to Durkheims as this essays main purpose is to investigate why Dur kheims theory more accurately describes the nature of different forms of social order, more so over than Webers theory of bureaucracy. This comparative analysis of both sociologists will help to describe the principal characteristics of the Weber Ideal Type bureaucracy, by discussing Webers concept and ideas about the roles of power and authority within the bureaucratic form of organization. In order to achieve this within the topic of discussion, certain objectives need to be addressed. Firstly, by giving a brief introduction to what Weber believed to be the ideal type of bureaucracy. Secondly, by understanding the relationship between power and authority, Weber believed in a theory that consisted of three major kinds of different authorities within power that need to be studied correctly to understand the module of Bureaucracy. Max Webber made excellent contributions to the field of sociology by his ability to witness and analyse various patterns which were quickly altering the standard way of life. His ability to find hidden patterns which the general person could not discover through observation, gave him the ability to discover new theories. These involved the ability of understanding new markets and businesses evolving worldwide by observing them in action. In his main observations and analysis he noticed the markets and businesses were actually unifying people together. His theories and concepts through observation described the way he witnessed how modern science was becoming the new method of conducting business. Through his observations he compared the different societies he witnessed, which gave him the ability to analyse how the forms of government were beginning to evolve. As one of his main theories he believed sociology had to apply scientific methods that would elevate sociology to level of so cial science instead of just a being another branch of philosophy (Hughes Kroehler Vander Zanden, 2002). Discussion: According to the fact of Durkheims distinctive approach in explaining the theory of social solidarity and the reason why society has been made possible. Has ultimately given, Durkheim the recognition as being regarded as the first social theorists to truly discover the meaning of society. His persistence involved scientifically studying society through the means of observation and measurement rather than the general approach of focusing on one individual at a time. As introduced above, the concept of social facts play an important role in Durkheims analysis as they epitomise an impartial account of the beliefs and values of society taken cooperatively. The mere theory that social fact is irrepressible to alteration makes it an exceptional tool to clarify the concept of social solidarity. Within Durkheims work he identifies two types of solidarity, mechanical and organic. He claims that mechanical solidarity will progressively loses ground as society develops and becomes more complex such that organic solidarity will emerge as the preponderant form of solidarity. Hence in order to be able to understand how modern western societies have evolved over the years, we need to appreciate this advancement of mechanical to organic solidarity, as well as the characteristics and in addition the properties associated among each state. Mechanical solidarity was discovered by Durkheim to exist in more primitive, pre-industrial societies, where division of labour is largely undifferentiated and there is little interdependence between its members (Clarke, 1976: pp. 246-255). The social glue that holds society together is the homogeneity between its members, which Durkheim termed as the horde (Emirbayer Cohen, 2003). This is generally characterised by the dominant concept of the collective consciousness, which is a form of social fact that represents the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of a society (Horowitz, 1982). This collective consciousness provides the moral basis for which members within society must be judged upon according to their actions and beliefs. Individualism is virtually non-existent and not tolerated as it represents a stray from the common bond. However, Organic solidarity has still been proclaimed by Durkheims theory to exist in more progressive and industrial societies that happen to have an extensive and highly distinguished division of labour. Organic solidarity is classed as the best form of solidarity that characterises the western modern society. The collective realisation under mechanical solidarity weakens due to the reason that greater emphasis is placed on individualism as portrayed by society being viewed as a system of different organs each of which has a special role, and which are themselves formed of differentiated parts (Barnes, 1966). This type of solidarity has the characteristic ability of increasing interdependence between members as a result of the phenomenon of complementary differentiation. This refers to the need for members to depend more upon one another as each have differentiated roles from the division of labour, which if separated will result in the crumble of society. Therefore it is clearly v isible that interdependence is the key that forms the social glue in an organic society. The decisive factor which implements the movement from mechanical to organic solidarity is principally the concept of social density. This refers to the increased amount of interaction, an in turn interdependence, between members of society as a result of changes within an organisational structure of societies in a longer period of time. This is according to an increase in population growth, advancement in technology, the rapid developments of towns and their growth in geographical concentration. It is this condensation of the social mass which characterises modern western societies and enables them to surface. Despite being able to identify the two types of solidarities, Durkheim finds himself faced with the most difficult obstacles to his science of ethics that is, since social solidarity is a wholly moral phenomenon , it is not capable of being exactly observed and measured (Barnes, 1966) . Therefore Durkheim substitutes law as the external index, a visible symbol, to measure and reflect all the essential varieties of social solidarity (Elwell Frank, 2003). Carrying with it the characteristics of being coercive, real, objective and observable, while also being the most stable and precise element in society, the law is the pre-eminent choice for an external index (Barnes, 1966). Max Webers concept and ideal theory to make bureaucratic control work relied on the focus that managers must have complete authority to dominate control of power over the organization, as well as being the centre focal point of the larger society. Weber summarized three main types of authority which in-depth explain the management and control in a large organization. The first type was known as Charismatic authority, which applied to organisation whose foundation is the dedication to the worthy character or the courageous of an individual and the command which defined by her or he. Political leaders have been able to get this kind of response too. For example, former US President Bill Clinton has often referred to as having charisma and charisma can be often found in revolutionary military organizations. The most advantage of charisma is its great power, which is rest on the intensity and strength of the force which lie absent-minded in the goal of every human (Kieran 2004 p55). On the other hand, charisma, in order to transform the environment of social life, thus in this way changing peoples attitudes toward them, then the greatest change of central views and directions of individual action would appear which with completely new intentional and controversial bias of the whole attitudes toward diverse problems of the world (Weber 1968 p977). The second type is Traditional authority; this is based on the cases that occurred before, also means the precedent or custom. It is always more or less mixed with magical elements, Weber persist in that authority involves legitimacy in the sense of duty to obey indicates that we are dealing with an aspect of superego functioning. Church can be example of this kind authority, in this circumstance, managers cannot be impertinent to their members or break the images expected of them. Finally, the third type of authority being Rational-legal, this is based on followers belief in the legality of rules and the right to those who have a position of authority in order to issue commands (Daft, 2004: pp.294). The role of this authority can be described as it is the foundation for both management and creation of most government organizations. As well as the most common fundamental of control in organizations worldwide, worth to detail, ration-legal authority is the form which is most widely used to govern internal work activities and decision making, especially in the large organizations. Evaluation: Essentially for Durkheim, one only has to classify the different types of law to find therefrom the different types of social solidarity which corresponds to it (Spitzer, 1975). This is where in fact the whole study of criminal and civil law falls into place. As mentioned in the beginning of the introduction above, each of these laws acts as the essence of repressive and restitutive law respectively. Despite the claim that Durkheim makes on the evolution of mechanical to organic solidarity (and in turn the evolution from repressive to restitutive law) as society progresses, the discussion below demonstrates that modern western societies regardless still preserve a combination of these two types of law (Adair, 2008: pp.97-120). The remaining discussion within this essay will focus on the rules and function of criminal and civil law within modern western societies. In addition to proclaiming whether Durkheims theorys and ideas haves truly made him to be recognised as a discoverer of so ciety or not. Weber declares his feelings of believing that the power of a class is not really a very important issue. Weber claims that when there happens to be a struggle for power, only then classes are considered important. Only then when declared they as a part of their class in their actions. Classes alongside with status groups are just unreceptive members in society. Only when a political party solely considers to addresses the class it becomes declared as active. This insignificance of classes dictates Webers direct concept that the economic issues within capitalism do not in fact affect the outcome of authority or the struggle for power (Barnes, 1996). In Webers thoughts he declared that imperialism is not merely a matter of economics. He mainly justified that imperialism was more in fact a political tool. He defined it as a tool of esteem, to be used for the privileged and ways to address nationalism among the masses. Weber was right when stating that imperialism had not been created by capitalism, as imperialism was introduced way in time before the concept of capitalism was discovered. Imperialism however did in fact make an appeal towards all the members of ruling classes. It appealed to the esteem of the old leaders as well as it was declared as the source of money for the new leaders. But the appeal of prestige was by far the more important factor to Weber. Webers views on the concepts and theory of imperialism are an extension of expressing the struggle for power. This led him to being exploited with criticism, for restricting the impact of the economic aspects focus of imperialism during the power struggle. Weber directly d eclared the incomplete functioning of bureaucracy among the impact in created upon individuals. Its prime advantage resulted in efficiently accomplishing goals, which made it awkward in dealing with individual cases. The impersonality which happened to be crucial in attaining efficiency of the organization resulted in it degrading. However the major concern over bureaucracys threat to members of a particular organization had assisted to overshadow its effects on the larger society (Barnes, 1966). Weber became exceptionally troubled about the impact that rationalization and bureaucratization had on sociocultural systems (Elwell Frank, 1996). According to its true nature bureaucracy generates a vast amount of unregulated alongside an unperceived social power. Due to the nature of bureaucracys superiority over other various forms of organization, they have thrived and have now dominated modern societies. Within Webers concepts he warned us of those individuals who control these organi zations, also control the quality of our life, as they are primarily self-appointed leaders (Elwell Frank, 1996). Bureaucracy traditionally tends to result in oligarchy (Elwell Frank, 1996) or the rules placed by the few officials in the hierarchy of the organization. The Larger formal organisations that dominate society always produce a potential threat that social, political and economic power may in fact become rigorous in the hands of those few individuals who have superiority in high positions as well as the ability of being the most influential personnel within these organisations (Elwell Frank, 1996). Webers end accomplishment for society involved the creation of a plebiscatory democracy which had the capabilities of being able to transform capitalism. He believed this change in society would eventually change individual power into a power to be utilised for the greater good for society. Weber disregarded the Junkers in Germany due to their egoist engagements (Norkus, 2004: pp.389-418). He claimed Junkers had only certain set tariffs as well as only following the rules that would benefit themselves instead of Germany as a whole. Although it relied on the individuality of one superiority, Weber was still highly interested in democracy not just for main the reason that consisted of the idea that masses could share the power to rule, but for mainly for the simple fact that it allowed the ability of potential new charismatic leaders to come into power (Kalyvas, 2008). Webers ideal democracy is one that consists of leaders that are recognised through masses, but even then the masses st ill stay clear of the government involvement in letting the leaders rule with superiority (Kalyvas, 2008). Social stratification, according to Weber, was more based on three different ideas: economics, status and power. Further elaboration of his ideas of what constitutes a class, Weber states that a class is not a community; rather, a class is a group of people who share situation is a possible, and sometimes frequent basis for action by the group (Hughe, Kroehler Vander Zanden, 2002). This basically means that just because people may live in the same town or city they are not automatically equal, but they are considered equal when their economic status is compared. Weber suggests that social order can be maintained by separating classes using determining factors such as the three aforementioned: class, status, and social power. Durkheim on the contrary strongly believed a mechanical society operates in a different way than does an organic society. In a mechanical society, the term best suited to describe is jack-of-all-trades. This is because in that type of society, rather than assigning each person one particular duty to perform, most people were able to perform a multitude of tasks and responsibilities (Ritzer, 1992: pp140). Dynamic density, according to Durkheim, refers to the people of a certain society and their role they play in that society. A major problem that arises in dynamic density in a mechanical society is that when a society grows in numbers, conflict arises due to the fact that people will be competing against one another. As a result of the competition, people are given no other choice but to begin specializing in certain areas and only doing certain tasks, thus starting the transformation from a mechanical to an organic society (Ritzer, 1992: pp.190). The collective conscience of a socie ty is the general feelings of the group. In a mechanical society the majority of a group thinks strongly about an idea or belief (Barnes, 1966). Therefore, it goes without saying that in a mechanical society, where there is little individuation in labour, there is also little individuation of the way that society thinks. Also, in an organic society, where there is diversity in labour, there, too, is diversity in the conscience of the society. People in organic societies tend to have differing opinions and feelings on certain issues (Ritzer, 1992: pp.193). Durkheim proposed that the key to maintaining social order in a society is to have that society, if not already one, be transformed into a modern, or organic, society (Barnes, 1966). His reasoning for this is because, in a modern society, there is no competition between the inhabitants because there is a wide selection of areas readily available for each individual to specialize in. He also collaborated with two various types of laws that in fact helped his theory progress, in resolving how to maintain social order. Under a mechanical society, where repressive law is used, a crime usually results in a sever repercussion. An example of this is theft; stealing something of importance may result in the loss of a hand. However, it is much easier to achieve and maintain social order in an organic society because the consequences are less severe and harsh. Using the same example of theft, the punishment may be jail or simply repaying the cost of what was stolen. This is acknowledged as the term restitutive law it helps to maintain order while preventing less fear in the people. Basically, under a modern society there is more freedom of the people and that allows for less disorder. When people are given more opportunities, and are allowed more freedom they are more likely to conform to societys rules because it benefits them greater than if they didnt. Conclusion: Durkheims social theory is unique for the fact that it analyses society through the observation and measurement of scientific concepts and evidence. Viewing in this stance, Durkheims methodology indeed makes him the first major social theorist to truly discover the real meaning of society. As he, unlike many sociologists in his era, he in fact distinguishes himself away from the study of natural and human science in finding the answers for societal existence. Modern western societies, for Durkheim, has come a long way as reflected in the social and corresponding legal evolution, as discussed above. The characteristics and properties of organic solidarity best illustrate the situation of modern western societies, which include the rising emphasis on private individuals and the increase of interdependence between them as a consequence of the division of labour due to social density. In turn Durkheim has recognised a similar development of the function of law, which he sees as a moving target for sociological observation. The above discussion has demonstrated that modern western societies have retained elements of repressive (criminal law) as well as resitutive laws (contract law). Which both share the important function of coordinating growing interdependence by giving their utmost respect for the cult of the individual. The proliferation of regulatory law highlights that notion that social solidarity is not static and confirms Durkheims view on law as the sociological equivalent of a thermometer to continuously reflect reasons for social cohesion. Thus it is important to realise that while Durkheims methodology (i.e the use of law as an index) has managed to provide a tool to truly discover society, one needs to be able tp continuously monitor this index to ensure that modern western societies are duly and truly discovered as well. Webers theory of the bureaucratic form organization is regarded as a representation of a normal process of explanation in society as a whole, punctuating the value of mean-ends relations. An ideal type is constituted by the bureaucratic form of organization. There are many characteristics of this form such as obvious division of labour, higher formalization, and separation of organizational and personal lives, employment decisions are based on merit. Weber suggested that authority can be seen as critical to understanding power, but exercise of authority is different from the power. The power of position within a complete bureaucracy is always considered as exceptional, under the normal conditions of overpowering; due to bureaucracys political rulers face it as dilettantes of an expert. The most advantage of charismatic authority is its great power, which is rest on the intensity and strength of the force which lie unconscious in every human goal. A Church can be example of traditiona l authority, in this circumstance; managers cannot be saucy to their members or break the images expected to them. The role of rational-legal authority can be described as it is the foundation for both management and creation of most government organizations as well as the most common basis of control in organizations worldwide, worth to detail, ration-legal authority is the most widely used form to govern internal work activities and decision making, especially in the large organizations.

What economics is Essay

What economics is and how you may use economics in your future career and/or your daily life? After World War II, economy is increasingly becoming the focus of national competition in the world. Furthermore, economics as a new breach of human sciences is applied widely in human daily life as well. For example, almost everyone has to consider price, tax, money and welfare in real life. It can be seen from that economics play a significant role in human life. This essay will discuss what is economics and analyses how to use economics in my daily life from economics knowledge, economics logic skill and economic analysis skill three aspects. Economics is a new subject in human sciences and the history of it is not as long as other subjects, so there are amount of different theories in this subject and different schools have different opinions about it, even the definition of economics. In Austrian school, the economist Mises (1998) defines that â€Å"Economics is the theory of all human action, the general science of the immutable categories of action and of their operation under all thinkable special conditions under which man acts.† While the economics Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2012, p3) think that â€Å"Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.† Actually, there is no model answer of what is economics, people depends on their own experience can have diversity opinions about this question. In my view, economics is a subject which teach people how to thinking objectively and manage things more effectively. It focuses on macroscopic view and microcosmic view in real life. Economics pervades every aspect of peoples’ life, so we can use it to change and improve ore life. Firstly, I can use Economics knowledge to make more profit. Economic theories are summarized by economists and it can show economics trend, thus people can follow these law of economics to deduce future economics trends. Follow these deductions, they can invest some businesses so that they will have considerable revenue from these businesses. For example, if i am able to forecast stocks, i will buy some stocks when the price is low and sell them at a high price. This will brings me a huge income. Moreover, economics knowledge will help me save money. For instance, i can use demand and supply theory to guess when the goods price  is low, thus i will save money comparing with other people. In addition, the people who is proficient in economics means it is easier to find a high-paid job than others, the reason why is most of high-paid jobs are nearly almost associate with business and these jobs need economics knowledge to management and control them, such as business manager, accountants, Stock managers and so on. After i graduate from university i can find these jobs. To sum up, economics knowledge not only helps me gaining and saving money, but also helps me gets more high-paid employments. Secondly, i can use economics logic skill to identify the truth and false in real life and make decision more wisely and objectively. Marking is a significant element in economy, sometimes a excellent marking marketing tactics will help company have a good selling, so how to keep clear mind in the tempting marketing tactics is an important skill for people. Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2009, p3) indicate one principle of economics in their book, it is â€Å"people face trade-offs†. From this principle, we can know everything in the world is not free, everything we gain should be sacrificed. Thus when i buy goods, i will remind me this economic principle and convince myself do not be lied by marketing tactics and buy some unnecessary goods. Furthermore, if i want have my own businesses, i may need economics, because it will help me thinking more objectively and broadly so that i can make right decision in business. For example, Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2009, p9) state another principle â€Å"rational people think at margin† in their book as well. This principle is necessary to chief who control the companies’ future, when they face several suddenly changes in business. In another word, company leader should change the plans, while the cost and value of projects change. This margin thinking is one of objective thinking skills. To sum up, i can use economic logic to make objective and wise decision in my business in my future and to be a rational consumer in real life. Finally, i can use economic analysis skill to understand situations what i have. Specifically, situations divided two things, one is public policy. Every country have their own public economic policies, authorities will make different laws to regulate economy. For example, everyone should pay tax to  government. But if you do not know the economics, you will not understand the tax law and tax standard or know how to make tax planning, then you may feel unhappy or angry with your government. Callahan (2004, p27) also argue this opinion, â€Å"Another benefit of an understanding of economics is that it is crucial to evaluating questions of public policy.† She points out we can judge salary or tax is fair or not through economics analysis. Personally it is significant to employee and I will analysis economics policy and according to these to make or change my economic plans in my life. The other situation is society circumstance. Economic change will lead to a series of influence on peoples’ life. For instance, the rate of unemployment is an important data to employee and students who will graduate from university. If they understand the meaning hidden behind the data, they may try to do something to avoid suffering from this unemployment crisis. I will analysis the economic trend and change my plan as well. Only understanding a thing, you can accept it. Thus, i will always use economic analysis skill to understand situations what i have in the future. In conclusion, economics is not only a subject of science, but also a regulating and controlling economy skill. It not only teaching people economic knowledge, but also cultivating peoples’ personal and cultural value. It is not a single discipline, it needs to combine other subjects to research and learning, such as philosophy, politics and so on. In the future, I will use economic knowledge to find a high paid job or invest projects and use economics logic skill to make sure i make right decisions and use economic analysis skill to understand and think situations what i have. Reference: Callahan, G. (2004). Economics for real people (2nd ed). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. Gans, J., King, S., Stonecash, R., & Mankiw, N. G. (2012). Principles of economics (5th ed.). New South Wales, Australia: Cengage Learning. Mises, L., v.(1998). Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.au/books?id=bqhZRn5zWA4C&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266&dq=Economics+is+the+theory+of+all+human+action,+the+general+science+of+the+immutable+categories+of+action+and+of+their+operation+under+all+thinkable+special+conditions+under+which+man+acts&source=bl&ots=5UHNDVcP_E&sig=FBD_JFuAf-dTVZQT8dmEBdgo2wI&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ei=FtEyU63wHMWplQXDpoGwAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Economics%20is%20the%20theory%20of%20all%20human%20action%2C%20the%20general%20science%20of%20the%20immutable%20categories%20of%20action%20and%20of%20their%20operation%20under%20all%20thinkable%20special%20conditions%20under%20which%20man%20acts&f=false

Genogram: Family and Paper Social Work Essay

1. I grew up with a strong and helpful family that was always there for me. I did get into a lot of fights with my siblings, but now that I am an adult and living my own life, I realize how much I really care and love them. Thinking back on my childhood, I was raised a good life and my parents told me to be the best person I could possibly be. They showed me how to pursue a good work ethic, and how to treat others the way I want to be treated. As a child I was taught to respect my parents, teachers, and adults. To respect someone is not to agree with someone but show regard to. I was always told treat people like you would want to be treated. And showing respect is one of them. I believe respect is something that is not given its earned through the course of time. My family was what made me who I am today. 2. While reflecting on the different cultural elements that have influenced my life, it is hard to determine which would be classified as the most significant or the most influential because at different stages of my life, that priority has changed. For simplicities sake, the first influence I will discuss will be that of my parents. I was born to a Caucasian, middle class husband and wife in July of 1974. Due to being â€Å"middle class† I was taught the values of hard work, responsibility, honesty, and accountability. With two parents who felt one does not deserve what one hasn’t worked for, it was instilled in me that laziness was truly one of the worst characteristics one could possible hold. This programming has led me to be hyper-vigilant in my quest to prove my lack of â€Å"laziness.† This can be established by the fact that I am currently raising 3 children, work one full-time job, and attend college full-time. In addition to my parents influence, the fa ct that I had 1 sibling also played a significant role in my cultural programming. Having a sibling has taught me to negotiate, participate and compromise. 3. I was raised in a very safe and secure environment for most of my life. I am Caucasian, straight and a female. I was raised in the Methodist church which puts me in another dominant classification, Christian. My dad worked very long hours when I was growing up to provide for the family. While my upbringing is relatively idyllic, there are experiences and influences that have shaped my life and made me a more tolerant, understanding and yet critical person than the stereotype of people from my socio-cultural upbringing. I was taught to see others as individuals as opposed to stereotypes. I was also taught to value an individual’s right to pursue happiness. 4. A family event that we participate in is sled riding and skiing. These events have impacted our family in a positive way. It is something that everybody enjoys participating in. 5. Our holiday traditions were really helpful during my life. On New Years Eve we all would gather together to say good bye to the old year and welcome in the new upcoming year. My children and I still observe this tradition. We eat dinner together every night. Each Sunday morning we have a big family breakfast. Our family has a family night every Monday night. Where we get together, play games, and eat treats. We also eat pizza and watch a movie together every Friday night. Every year we have a family reunion. Each Halloween we go to the pumpkin patch and pick out pumpkins. 6. Every Christmas Eve we watch a Christmas movie then each child gets to open one present. On Easter we would search for hidden Easter baskets and collect the eggs that are hiding around the room. In our family our kids plan a birthday party with friends every year. We always decorate with streamers and balloons. The birthday child gets to choose his or her own birthday cake. They also get to choose whatever they want for their birthday dinner. 7. In my family we were taught that the role of the child in the family is to: go to school, learn, and grow up to be successful, listen to their parents, and go to church. 8. My mother had the most significant influence on me. She is the strongest woman that I have ever met. Her life inspired me with confidence and great motivation. Most of my mother’s life is full of misfortunes and unexpected troubles. Although she went through many hardships, she never gave up. The thing that I admire my mother most is she always kept in her mind the positive thoughts. In spite of the hard work that she does day by day, she always has a smile on her face. 9. By attending a college with a diverse student body I believe this can prepare me for my future work with families. I will be able to meet people and gain new insights on language and experience from another culture. 10. I believe growing up as a Caucasian, straight female will place a barrier in working with diverse families. I feel there will be limits to my experience but I would like to overcome them by taking classes on diversity and culture.

Reasons for Seasons Essay - 750 Words

Season and the planets, that’s been a question that’s has limited answers because of the limited research. In this essay we will discuss the common misconceptions that students have when understand the seasons of the earth, Along with identifying the other planets and if they have season or not. Also we will explain the aphelion, the perihelion and how it affects planet seasons. There are few common misconceptions that students think are true regarding the reasons for seasons on earth. Students usually believe that because of the earth’s distance and its orbits around the sun causes the seasons. That is because students believe that the earth is in an elongated elliptical path that causes the season depending on the distance. When all†¦show more content†¦When mars is ion the perihelion, which is the closest point to the sun; mars is at its fastest point. This in turn creates varying seasons on mars, than it does on earth. On mars every six months the seasons change on mars, for example winter lasts 146 days, summer lasting 199 days, and fall and spring last 171 days. The sun its self is not on a elliptical orbit, the planet gets nearer towards and away from the Sun as it moves around. When the planet is closest to the Sun it is at the perihelion. When the planet is the farthest from the sun, then it is at aphelion Jupiter has an atmospheric pressure which is 10x greater that earths. With atmospheric pressure that great, causes the temperature from below the clouds causes the temperature to rise to a nice 70 degrees. As you go deeper into Jupiter reaching the core, it becomes hotter that the sun its self. Saturn is simple because its seasons are long lasting, for fall in Saturn lasted 2 years in 2002. Also in 2004 when the spacecraft Cassini started reached its destination to Saturn it started the season of winter. Uranus orbits the same distance from the sun consistently and has had long winters which could last decades, when the sun’s rays reach far latitudes that hit Uranus. This causes the atmosphere to start an enormous storm which starts the beginning of spring. Because Uranus is tilted 98 degrees it causes 21 year seasons. Neptune is a slow planet, because itsShow MoreRelatedFour Seasons Goes to Paris Essays760 Words   |  4 PagesFour Seasons Goes to Paris: 53 Properties, 24 Countries, 1 Philosophy Four Seasons is the world’s leading operator of luxury hotels and resorts. They are well known not only in the U.S. but they are a huge international hit. They have been successful over the last thirty years because of their strengths of diversity and originality. Four Seasons does not want to be a globalization of markets like McDonald’s, where everyone is the same. 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